Resumo Introdução: O retalho do músculo peitoral maior é uma opção a ser considerada no fechamento de fístula faringocutânea pós-laringectomia total. Não há grandes estudos que avaliem as variáveis relacionadas à recorrência da fístula faringocutânea após esse procedimento. Nossos objetivos foram avaliar os resultados obtidos com esse tipo de tratamento em pacientes laringectomizados com fístula faringocutânea e as variáveis relacionadas aos resultados. Método: Revisamos retrospectivamente os nossos resultados em 50 pacientes nos quais um retalho miocutâneo ou fasciomuscular do músculo peitoral maior foram utilizados para reparar a fístula faringocutânea. Resultados: Não houve casos de necrose de retalho. Após o reparo da fístula com um retalho do músculo peitoral maior, a ingestão oral foi restaurada em 94% dos casos. Houve recorrência da fístula em 22 casos (44%), a qual foi associada à duração da hospitalização. O uso do retalho como procedimento de emergência foi associado a um risco significativamente maior de recorrência da fístula. A permanência hospitalar foi significativamente menor quando utilizado um tubo de derivação salivar. Conclusões: O uso do retalho do músculo peitoral maior é uma abordagem útil para reparar a fístula faringocutânea. A colocação de tubos de derivação salivar durante o reparo da fístula reduz significativamente o tempo de hospitalização e a gravidade das complicações em caso de recorrência da fístula faringocutânea.

Abstract Introduction: The pectoralis major flap is a reconstructive option to consider in the treatment of pharyngocutaneous fistula after a total laryngectomy. There are not large studies assessing variables related to pharyngocutaneous fistula recurrence after removal of the larynx. Our objectives were to review the results obtained with this type of treatment when pharyngocutaneous fistula appears in laryngectomized patients, and to evaluate variables related to the results. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our results using either a myocutaneous or fasciomuscular pectoralis major flap to repair pharyngocutaneous fistula in 50 patients. Results: There were no cases of flap necrosis. Oral intake after fistula repair with a pectoralis major flap was restored in 94% of cases. Fistula recurrence occurred in 22 cases (44%), and it was associated with a lengthening of the hospital stay. Performing the flap as an emergency procedure was associated with a significantly higher risk of fistula recurrence. Hospital stay was significantly shorter when a salivary tube was placed. Conclusions: The pectoralis major flap is a useful approach to repair pharyngocutaneous fistula. Placing salivary tubes during fistula repair significantly reduces hospital stay and complication severity in case of pharyngocutaneous fistula recurrence.

Se presenta el reporte epidemiológico de la Leishmaniasis Cutánea Americana (LCA) en Venezuela para los años 2008-2009. Se describen las características epidemiológicas generales, junto a algunos aspectos clínico-inmunológicos de sus diferentes formas clínicas. Esto se logro a través del análisis de la base de datos del registro nacional de leishmaniasis del Instituto de Biomedicina. La información fue analizada con Epi Info 3.5.1 y Excel. Un total de 4.640 casos de las diferentes formas clínicas de leishmaniasis cutánea fueron diagnosticados en el periodo 2008-2009, una media de 2.320 casos por año, con una tasa promedio anual de 8,25 por 100.000 habitantes. Predomina el sexo masculino con una razón de masculinidad de 1,84 para el periodo en estudio. Casos en todas las edades, con predominio numérico en el grupo de 5 a 34 años, edad promedio fue de 31,09 y 33,91 años para 2008 y 2009 respectivamente. En cuanto a la ocupación 22,39 % corresponde a personas del sector agropecuario, seguido de estudiantes con 20,88% de los casos. Se registraron casos en todas las entidades federales menos en Nueva Esparta, en este periodo los estados con mayor número de casos fueron, Lara con 910 (19,61%), Miranda con 650 (14,01%) y Táchira con 488 (10,52%). En cuanto a las formas clínicas se observó un predominio franco de la leishmaniasis cutánea localizada con 97,84% de los casos (4.540/4.640). Mientras que las formas localizadas están distribuidas por todo el territorio nacional, las formas difusas predominan en el estado Lara (63,64%, 7/11), las formas Mucosas en los estados Bolívar (21,74%, 10/46), Portuguesa (15,22%, 7/46) y Miranda, Táchira, Zulia (10,87%, 5/46 c/u) y finalmente las formas intermedias en los estados Monagas (30,23%, 13/43), Miranda (18,60%, 8/43) y Táchira (13,95%, 6/43). Las características clínicas e inmunológicas estudiadas variaron de acuerdo con las diferentes formas clínicas. En promedio más del 90 % (93,39 % en el 2008 y 89,81 % en el 2009) de los casos fueron diagnosticados con frotis directo. 88,86 % de los casos recibieron como tratamiento de primera elección inmunoterapia. En conclusión se hace una descripción clínico-epidemiológica de la LCA en Venezuela para el periodo 2008-2009 y se compara con el patrón descrito con anterioridad.

The epidemiological report of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Venezuela for the years 2008-2009 is presented. It describes the general epidemiological characteristics, together with some clinical and immunological aspects of its different clinical forms. This was performed by analyzing the database of the leishmaniasis national registry of the Instituto de Biomedicina. The data was analyzed using Epi Info 3.5.1 and Excel. A total of 4,640 cases of different clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis were diagnosed during 2008-2009, i. e. 2,320 cases per year with an average annual rate of 8.25 per 100,000 inhabitants. It is predominant in males, with a sex ratio of 1.84 for the period under study. Cases in all ages, with numerical predominance in the group of 5 to 34 years, mean age were 31.09 and 33.91 years for 2008 and 2009 respectively. Regarding the occupation, 22.39% are people of the agricultural sector, followed by students with 20.88% of cases. Cases were recorded in all states but Nueva Esparta, the states with the largest number of cases were Lara with 910 (19.61%), Miranda 650 (14.01%) and Táchira with 488 (10.52%). In terms of clinical forms, clear predominance was observed of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis with 97.84 % (4,540) cases. While localized forms are distributed nationwide, diffuse forms predominate in the Lara State (63.64%, 7/11), muco-cutaneous forms predominate in the States of Bolivar (21.74%, 10/46), Portuguesa (15.22%, 7/46) and Miranda, Táchira, Zulia (10.87%, 5/46 each one) and finally, the intermediate forms in the States of Monagas (30.23%, 13/43), Miranda (18.60%, 8/43) and Táchira (13.95%, 6/43). The clinical and immunological characteristics studied varied according to the different clinical forms. In average, more than 90% (93.39% in 2008 and 89.81% in 2009) of the cases were diagnosed with direct smear. 88.86% of the patients received immunotherapy as first choice treatment. In conclusion, a clinical-epidemiological description of the ACL in Venezuela for the period 2008-2009 was made and compared with the pattern previously described.

En Venezuela se utiliza la inmunoterapia por su bondad terapéutica y operacional en el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis cutánea y se aprecian diferencias de su efectividad entre los servicios locales de salud que la emplean. En el estado Mérida, donde se tiene un bajo nivel de falla terapéutica, se desconocen los factores de riesgo ó de protección que la determinan. Por ello se planteó realizar un estudio epidemiológico de casos y controles para evaluar los factores individuales demográficos, clínicos, inmunológicos y adherencia terapéutica que influyen en dicha efectividad. El ajuste con regresión logística determinó según definición: a) Demográfica: como riesgo las edades extremas, tabaquismo y de oficio doméstico, con protección en el alfabeto educativamente, b) Clínica: como riesgo la forma intermedia, cinco o más lesiones, infección secundaria y ubicación en pié, con protección en la forma localizada y tamaño menor a 60 mm, c) Inmunológica: de riesgo las bajas respuestas a leishmánina y PPD, d) Adherencia terapéutica: son riesgo la aplicación tópica y aseo local inadecuados. Se concluye, hay factores de riesgo y protección que modelan la eficacia de la inmunoterapia, lo que en consecuencia demanda una dinámica vigilancia clínico-epidemiológica para potenciar dicha terapéutica.

Immunotherapy is used in Venezuela as treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and there are differences among the health services that use it. In Merida State there are a low proportion of failures, but the factors that are related to this failure are unknown. A case-control study was planned to evaluate the demographics, clinical, immunological factors and the treatment compliance that can be related to the effectiveness. Logistic regression showed that the factors related to failure were: a) demographics: lower and older ages, smoking, domestic labor and illiteracy; b) clinical: intermediate leishmaniasis, five or more lesions, aggregated infection, lesions in feet, and lesion size above 60 mm; c) Immunology: low reactivity to Montenegro and tuberculin tests; d) treatment compliance: use of incorrect topical substances and inadequate cleaning of ulcer. As a conclusion, there are several factors that influence treatment response, that require clinical and epidemiological surveillance to increase the effect of therapy.